Access to the NHS will be tightened, landlords forced to check immigration status and illegal migrants prevented from obtaining driving licences.
But alcohol pricing and monitoring web use were not among the 15 bills.
David Cameron said the package would boost recovery, but Ed Miliband said the coalition had "run out of ideas".
The Labour leader branded the statement a "no answers Queen's Speech" from a government that was "out of touch, out of ideas, standing up for the wrong people and unable to bring the change the country needs".
Prime Minister David Cameron countered that the legislative programme showed the government was "rising to the challenge" of the "global race" which could only be won by backing families who "want to work hard and get on".
Mr Cameron and Mr Miliband both used the occasion to pay tribute to Sir Alex Ferguson, who has announced his retirement as the manager of Manchester United after 26 years.
Earlier, the Queen set out the government's legislative programme for the year ahead in a speech written for her by ministers.
She said her government's "first priority" remained strengthening Britain's economy, and said it would also "work to promote a fairer society that rewards people who work hard".
The Queen said an immigration bill would aim to "ensure that this country attracts people who will contribute, and deter those who will not".
Illegal labour
If passed, the bill would also ensure illegal immigrants cannot get driving licences, and change the rules so private landlords have to check their tenants' immigration status.
It would also allow foreign criminals to be deported more easily, as well as people who are in the UK illegally, after the government's repeated setbacks in its efforts to deport the radical cleric Abu Qatada.
Businesses caught employing illegal foreign labour would face bigger fines.
Migrants' access to the NHS would be restricted and temporary visitors would have to "make a contribution" to the cost of their care.
Asked whether this would mean GPs having to check patients' passports before agreeing to treat them, Business Secretary Vince Cable said "checks of various kinds" were one option being considered but the details had yet to be finalised.
"That is not the role of doctors," he told BBC Radio 4's The World at One. "Doctors are there to provide medical care but there is a question of whether people who administer GP surgeries and hospitals should be in the business of checking.
"Naturally there is a fair amount of that which goes on already."
He added: "The big picture here is that there is public concern about abuse of the system and this has got to go alongside making the positive case for immigration where it is good for the country."
The planned immigration crackdown follows a surge in support for UKIP, which campaigns for a reduction in net migration, but ministers insist the measures had been decided before last week's local election results.
- BBC
